Many-valued logic generalises classical binary logic by permitting a spectrum of truth values rather than a strict dichotomy. This extended framework enables a more nuanced treatment of uncertainty, ...

Some find it plausible that a sufficiently long duration of torture is worse than any duration of mild headaches. Similarly, it has been claimed that a million humans living great lives is better than ...

A simple, bivalent semantics is defined for Łukasiewicz's 4-valued modal logic Łm4. It is shown that according to this semantics, the essential presupposition underlying Łm4 is the following: A is a ...